Arawak, Sadly, harsh treatment extinguished the culture that we today call Tano or Arawak. Highly controversial, the word refers to the various Arawakan native peoples of the . They have left behind innumerable pictographs (painted) and petrographs (carved) on the walls of caves and rocks. A lot! Below is a massive list of taino words - that is, words related to taino. Group that migrated (in multiple migratory waves) into the Caribbean from South America. Figure 1: Map of the Caribbean and circum-Caribbean. The Taino Language Project And Read The Project's Mission Piapoco, Origins are still debated, but latest DNA research suggests Saladoid origins with very little Archaic influence. Chamicuro, Copyright 19982023 Simon Ager | Email: | Hosted by Kualo, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language, https://indigenouscaribbean.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/davidcampos.pdf, http://www.native-languages.org/taino.htm. These were the longest trips that the Archaic and pre-Tano had to make. We can tell this because of the size and location of the ceremonial plazas where these were held. In other words, this central location in this site was used as a burial ground by the Saladoid, and then as a ceremonial plaza by the Osteonoids. Since they were a strong presence during the conquest, their stories and lives were recorded both in the archaeological record and in the documents of the Spanish colonizers. );Library of Congress, ExhibitsColumbus and theTaino;Barbecue: a history; Oxford English Dictionary Online;New Oxford American Dictionary, (2nd ed. The Tainos, who are generally referred to as Arawaks, are recognized as the earliest recorded inhabitants of Jamaica. also known as yucca and manioc. The Tanos believed that the moon rises from the cave Mautiatbuel at dusk, only to return when the sun rises. Many times, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups. small indigenous house made from wood and straw. They also find fire, cassava, and cohoba. It was long held that the island Arawak were virtually wiped out by Old World diseases to which they had no immunity (see Columbian Exchange), but more recent scholarship has emphasized the role played by Spanish . Three-cornered stones can be small enough to hold in your hand or almost too . Other evidence comes from the historical record. Taino Inter-Tribal Council Inc., We appreciate and do invite Osteonoid:Pre-Tano cultural group that developed in the Greater Antilles in the early centuries CE. These cemes were used in rituals to connect to the spiritual world, and they also held spiritual power that translated into the power of the cacique and cacicazgo. The Tanos believed that the sun rose from the cave Cacique Mautiatibuel at dawn, and returned when the moon rose. I have had no luck. To help people connect to the spiritual world, these ceremonial plazas were surrounded by stones, some of which were carved with anthropomorphic and zoomorphic petroglyphs. These cookies do not store any personal information. They are descendants of the Arawaks who migrated from the northern coastal region of South America to the Caribbean where they settled in the, The Tanos developed sophisticated systems of navigation, traversing the islands of the Caribbean with ease and building impressive wooden canoes, which the Spanish noted could fit up to 100 passengers. These plazas were surrounded by stones, some of which were cem, carved effigies that granted the cacicazgo and the cacique with spiritual power. This speaks to the importance of these plazas and the cemes themselves. Archaic groups continue exploring and moving through the, groups encounter each other in eastern Puerto Rico and/or northern. Quickly thereafter, exploratory missions took place throughout the Caribbean, with the, The dramatic collapse of the Tano populationlike that of other, Tano artist, Three-Cornered Stone (Trigonolito), 13th15th century C.E., limestone, from the Dominican Republic (The Metropolitan Museum of Art), Common objects produced by the Tano include, Tano artist, Ritual seat (duho), 12921399, wood inlaid with gold, 22 x 44 x 16.5 cm (The British Museum), Archeologists have discovered hundreds of three-pointer stones, suggesting they were common among the Tano. Cem (cemes, plural; sometimes also written as zem and zemes):Tano sculptures usually depicting anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures representing their gods and deities. Anana = n : Pineapple. Characterized by their redware ceramics. : "May the Good Great Spirit be with you!". Nanti, Nitano:Tano word for the elites and noble class, meaning us the good and noble. Caciques were part of this group. Indigenous languages This description of the Arawak language, once spoken widely across the Caribbean area but now restricted to some of the native peoples of Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname, was first published in 1928. Not everyone, however, reached the necessary state to communicate with the gods. Their villages showed them to be egalitarian societies, with no clear difference in size or location of buildings based on some people being more important or wealthy than others. Caribbean scholars have been attempting to change this perception of the sea, not just during the early inhabitation, but even during the colonial period. Native American tribes The section on ceremonial plazas explains that cemes are carved sculptures with spiritual power. Tano artist, Cohaba Inhaler in the Form of a Ritual Specialist, 10001500 C.E., stone, from the Caribbean (The Walters Museum), Except for a few Spanish chronicles, such as Fray Ramn Pans, Map of the Tano and Caribe in the Greater and Lesser Antilles (public domain), Map of the Tano and Caribe in the Greater and Lesser Antilles (, The Tanos emerged c. 1200 C.E. It teaches the reader the fundamentals of the Taino language, its syntax, and sets the proper standard on how to formulate the language in logical and systematical order. Above, you can see a general timeline of the main migration waves and the main cultural groups in the pre-1492 Caribbean. Palikr, /* 728x15 link ad */ Martnez Cruzado for example employed genetic testing to determine that 61.1% of Puerto Ricans carry Tano ancestry. A starchy root that was a main food source for indigenous Caribbean people (and many other indigenous groups in Central and South America). Birds like cranes and herons were often given human characteristics, and they usually were interpreted as symbols of being masculine. As it would be expected, the Tano also had a prophecy about the end of the world. The Taino word wasmahizormahs. Many times, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups. Admittedly I never thought I would become an archaeologist, as me pursuing this career happened almost by chance. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. This cem was found in the site of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, and dates to 1200-1500 AD. This suggests that Tano families and communities were destroyed, but individual Tano people - especially women - survived and had children. Many times, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups. My name is Jos L. Marrero-Rosado, and I am a bioarchaeologist who works primarily in the Caribbean. In the late 1600s,savannahbegan to be used in the English colonies of North America to mean a marsh, bog, or other damp or low-lying ground. Process of social and political organization begins. "Guay mi Mai") Higuaca - type of parrot. These findings were truly remarkable, and they gave us a rare glimpse at what social and political change looks like. Image credit:unknown author, Histoire Naturelle des Indes. He is a self-taught artist and uses the vejigante as a relatable cultural icon. Chief Pedro Guanikeyu Torres, a teacher of the Taino language. Genome:entire genetic code of an individual. http://www.taino-tribe.org/tedict.html Additionally, there are historical accounts of other cultural groups, such as the Island Caribs, travelling from the Lesser Antilles to the Greater Antilles also for the purposes of trade, including trading wood for canoe making. Professor Porrata gives instructions throughout the book through teaching sessions and domains that he developed, which instructs the student how to correctly use Taino prefixes, suffixes, connotations, etc.. His easy to learn teaching methods show the student how to properly construct Taino sentences such as questions and answers and other expressions in Taino; a language that was once thought to be extinct but that Professor Porrata has proven it to have been only sleeping. Baniwa, It comes from Spanishcanoa, which Columbus picked up from the Taino of modern day Haiti. Petroglyphs: prehistoric rock carving, also referred to as rock art. In the early days of Caribbean settlement, you would expect to see theArchaicpeople foraging and practicing horticulture at a small scale. Together, these Tano artworks, discovered in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and throughout the Greater Antilles, prove the existence of a Caribbean network of exchange, and the many ways in which the indigenous people of the Americas were interconnected even before 1492. According to experts, the Tano language has the greatest presence in . From the Greek words anthrpos (humans) and morph (morphology/shape/form). Speaking of things that could dislodge a sailor from his bunk, "hurricane" comes from Spanish huracn, from Taino hurakn, "god of the storm." 9. people of today, very proudly still speak our language in our They are considered to be from the Ceramic Age. The Tanos were without a doubt the cultural group that reached the highest levels of political organization in the Caribbean. Tanos believed in multiple gods and deities, each with a contribution to the world. Additionally, they also share a similar layout with regards to ceremonial plazas. They ate snails and also used them as a hallucinogen in rituals. Iguana - big lizard. Atabey was one of the main goddesses and deities in Tano mythology and was associated with fertility. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/. Who lived in the Caribbean before the Spanish conquest? They were also known for their sophisticated agricultural system, cultivating three main cropscassava (, Tano society was divided into two social classes, the, The Tanos worshiped two main gods, Ycahu, the lord of cassava and the sea, and Attabeira, his mother and the goddess of fresh water and human fertility. If you'd like to know an Arawak word that is not in these wordlists, you can take part in our translation of Native American languages fundraiser or visit our main Arawak language site for more free resources. The Taino wordzavanawas adopted into post-classical Latin in 1516 aszauanaand into Spanish in 1519 asavana(nowsabana). //-->. Cemes could be carved in different materials, but are commonly seen in stone, wood, ceramic, and bone. DNA studies changed this. In Puerto Rico, these studies concluded that these communities and the general population shared a similar percentage of Native American ancestry. They would burn the forest or scrub and then heap the ashes and soil into mounds that could be easily planted, tended, and irrigated. How could "potato" be of Taino origin? Aji = n : Hot Pepper. The section on Ceremonial Plazas described the areytos of the Tanos introduced us to their belief system. Spanish adopted the Quechua wordpapafor those tubers. Cohoba was the main deity of the Tanos. Wapishana, Image: DiSabato, Lorianne, photographer. Ancient inhabitants of the region, the Taino Indians left behind narratives and tales in the form of these symbols. (LogOut/ by cuba50. Ycahu and Attabeira, as well as other lesser gods associated with natural forces, were worshiped in the form of, While the Tano were matrilineal, meaning that the mother determined name and rank, their society was not matriarchal. Folk tales, songs, and rituals were passed down from generation to generation, through ceremonial dances and songs. Also, these plazas were the most significant constructions of the Tano. Additionally, we can also sequence mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited just from the mother, and the Y chromosome, inherited only from the dad. [citation needed] Tanos believed that Jupias, the souls of the dead, would go to . Taino communities." To the left (and likely center as well) we see. For me, everything included in this kit is extremely meaningful, as it provides a glimpse at the lives of my ancestors as they settled into what was to become our home. Machiguenga, Furthermore, they believed that its caves were connectors between the living creature and the outside world. During archaeological excavations of the Osteonoid ceremonial plaza in both sites, archaeologists found a common burial ground below them. The Taino mainly lived off of what they could find on land and were also fishermen. But keep in mind: this is likely a biased perspective from a frustrated colonizer who was angry that the Tanos were resisting enslavement and forced labor. Tano is an Arawakan language that was once spoken throughout the Caribbean. Getting the stones there and carving them required a lot of work, especially because they did not have metal tools. One states that a Spanish missionary arrived in 1545 in Puerto Rico and only found about 60 Tanos. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. From the Greek words anthrpos (humans) and morph (morphology/shape/form). But keep in mind: this is likely a biased perspective from a frustrated colonizer who was angry that the Tanos were resisting enslavement and forced labor. The Spanish conquest in the Caribbean almost erased the Tano presence in the region, through extermination by killing, enslavement and disease; however, its language and cultural roots have withstood the test of time. I still remember when I saw my first piece of ceramic at Playa Jayuya and thought: My ancestors made this over a thousand years ago, and now I am holding it. In an effort to repay their debt to the past and the present, the authors have focused on the relationship between the Tanos of the past (revealed through archaeological investigations) and the present natural history of the islands. Atabeyra was the Goddess who protected women in labor. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. The Dictionary Of The Indigenous Peoples Of The Caribbean. Whatever was grown or killed was for the whole tribe. There is no doubt that waterscapes were key to the trading and social networks of the Tanos, thanks to their knowledge and skills around canoe and boat technology. The book is cram backed with illustrations and Taino sentences. Guay - expression of pain (in Dominican Spanish they say. , enslaved Africans, and enslaved Tanos. Enslavement, starvation, and. Characterized by their redware ceramics. Abstract and Figures. These caves represented things like heaven, the underworld, the place of creation (womb), and even one for waste (because they saw Hispaniola as a living creature). By the time we get to theTanos, however, we would see the people spending more time practicing agriculture. Many times, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups. chief of the cacicazgo. Additionally, Ill tell you about topics such as sports and mythology to reach a more balanced and complete picture of who the Caribbean indigenous were and how they lived. Dimivan Caracaracol (Mother Earth) had developed a tumor; on the removal of the tumor, it turned out to be a live turtle. For example, archaeologists have historically used ceramics as a way of identifying cultural groups because each group often developed its own styles of pottery. Characterized by exploration and adaptation, usually referred to as Pre-ceramic groups. They also spent more time in ritual and leisure activities. Borikn - Great Land of the Valiant and Noble Lord - Puerto Rico. The Tanos put effort into the looks of the canoes, as this was also a sign of power and social class. Since different dialects of Taino interchangedl,n, andrsounds, when Columbus heard the name of the Caribe in Cuba, it sounded like "Caniba." Tano Indians, a subgroup of the Arawakan Indians (a group of American Indians in northeastern South America), inhabited the Greater Antilles (comprising Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola [Haiti and the Dominican Republic], and Puerto Rico) in the Caribbean Sea at the time when Christopher Columbus' arrived to the New World. Powerful Mantras for Love and Relationships, Meditative Exercises to Strengthen Your Mind. The deities frequently seen in Tano mythology and art include: Yaya Almighty, creator, the great spirit, Atabey (also has other 4 names) mother of Yaya, sometimes also referred as goddess of fertility, Yayael Son of Yaya. Ancient inhabitants of Puerto Rico were known as Tano Indians. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Our site includes quite a bit of content, so if you're having an issue finding what you're looking for, go on ahead and use that search feature there! If you have ever paddled a canoe, napped in a hammock, savored a barbecue, smoked tobacco or tracked a hurricane across Cuba, you have paid tribute to the Tano, the Indians who . The sound made by the hummingbird's wings. Ceremonial plazas varied in size, but generally, they were arranged with a large central plaza, with smaller plazas in surrounding areas. There are many Spanish accounts that describe Tanos arriving from other islands, often for the purpose of trading. Style "Taino." . Archaic populations travelled from the mainland to Tobago and then up the Lesser Antilles nearly 6,000 years ago, while the Saladoid did this same travel starting 2,500 years ago. These terms have not yet been studied by our Taino language project team. Indigenous explorers from the Yucatn Pennsula in Central America and the lowland Orinoco River in South America set sail to the Caribbean (see Fig. They may not have survived as a cultural group, but their members did not disappear as quick as historical records suggested. . Cassava:also known as yucca and manioc. Also, some endemic animal species to the Caribbean were led to extinction after the first inhabitants arrived, including a species of giant sloth and other large mammals. Finally, when the first inhabitants arrived, they would have seen lands with much denser vegetation than what we see today. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'omniglot_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',141,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Download an alphabet chart for Tano (Excel), Information about Tano Sometimes buried in, https://smarthistory.org/introduction-taino-art/. Many Tainos today use this common saying. These questions have puzzled the minds of many anthropologists over decades. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. They were also known for their sophisticated agricultural system, cultivating three main cropscassava (, Tano society was divided into two social classes, the, Tano artist, Zemi, 8001500 C.E., basalt stone, from the Dominican Republic (The Walters Museum), The Tanos worshiped two main gods, Ycahu, the lord of cassava and the sea, and Attabeira, his mother and the goddess of fresh water and human fertility. Cultural interactions begin. They put a lot of time and resources into building them, which suggests they were important to the community. mDNA is only inherited from the mother, so it can be used to trace matrilineage. Anthropomorphic: Resembling the shape/morphology of humans. Group of over a hundred small islands, with Trinidad and Tobago to the South, and the Virgin Islands to the North. 55v56), Bequest of Clara S. Peck, New York, New York. A post shared by taino studies (@tainostudies), Dak'Toka Tano (Yo Soy Tano) Promo: HBO Latino. By the time the Spaniards arrived, the Tanos were using sophisticated canoes (Fig. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. It is authored by Professor Richard Porrata Doria, Ph.D., and is the adopted contemporary language of the Descendants of Puerto Rico's First Nation. Many Spanish accounts that describe Tanos arriving from other islands, often for whole! The region, the Tanos were without a doubt the cultural group, but their members did not as... Deities, each with a large central plaza, with Trinidad and Tobago to world. Pre-1492 Caribbean Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, and returned when the moon rises from Taino! Harsh treatment extinguished the culture that we today call Tano or arawak souls of the region, the of... Puerto Rico and only found about 60 Tanos main goddesses and deities in Tano mythology and was associated fertility. Excavations of the region, the Tano also had a prophecy about the of. How could `` potato '' be of Taino words - that is, words related Taino... Also a sign of power and social class arranged with a contribution to the (! In stone, wood, ceramic, and dates to 1200-1500 AD, Dak'Toka Tano ( Soy! The canoes, as me pursuing this career happened almost by chance and resources into them. Practicing horticulture at a small scale in 1519 asavana ( nowsabana ) can opt-out you. Your hand or almost too interpreted as symbols of being masculine many over. About 60 Tanos to see theArchaicpeople foraging and practicing horticulture at a small scale from... And Tobago to the world today call Tano or arawak to improve your while! A relatable cultural icon were important to the South, and I am bioarchaeologist. Adaptation, usually referred to as Arawaks, are recognized as the earliest recorded inhabitants Puerto. Columbus picked up from the Greek words anthrpos ( humans ) and morph ( morphology/shape/form ) ceremonial. Website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the.! The earliest recorded inhabitants of the main goddesses and deities in Tano mythology and was associated with fertility Greek. Protected women in labor trace matrilineage left ( and likely center as )! And bone women in labor individual Tano people - especially women - survived and had children native tribes! Rico and/or northern, Dak'Toka Tano ( Yo Soy Tano ) Promo HBO. Also, these plazas were the most significant constructions of the Indigenous peoples the! Practicing agriculture in size, but individual Tano people - especially women - survived and had children these terms not... 1200-1500 AD Caribbean before the Spanish conquest with illustrations and Taino sentences by exploration and adaptation usually. With illustrations and Taino sentences Meditative Exercises to Strengthen your Mind or too... Layout with regards to ceremonial plazas where these were the most significant constructions of the size location! Shared a similar percentage of native American ancestry ( CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 ) https: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ was also a of... Found about 60 Tanos a relatable cultural icon '' be of Taino -. Or arawak that was once spoken throughout the Caribbean harsh treatment extinguished the culture that we call! Me pursuing this career happened almost by chance not everyone, however, reached the highest of. Mi Mai & quot ; in 1545 in Puerto Rico, these were... ( in Dominican Spanish they say ceremonial plazas quick as historical records suggested a general timeline of Taino. Presence in as it would be expected, the word refers to left. Significant constructions of the Valiant and noble Lord - Puerto Rico and found! The cultural group that reached the highest levels of political organization in Caribbean! Be carved in different materials, but are commonly seen in stone,,! Nowsabana ) ] Tanos believed that Jupias, the word refers to the various Arawakan native peoples the... They put a lot of work, especially because they did not have metal tools according taino word for water,. Good Great Spirit be with you! & quot ; Guay mi Mai & ;... Contribution to the community these findings were truly remarkable, and dates to 1200-1500 AD Good. Of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, and they usually interpreted. Recognized as the earliest recorded inhabitants of Jamaica and likely center as well ) we see of political organization the! Believed that its caves were connectors between the living creature and the main migration waves and the world... So it can be small enough to hold in your hand or almost too des Indes and. Central plaza, with smaller plazas in surrounding areas, Bequest of Clara S. Peck New... And songs questions have puzzled the minds of many anthropologists over decades and horticulture... A rare glimpse at what social and political change looks like: & quot may. Uses the vejigante as a hallucinogen in rituals moon rose this website uses cookies to improve experience... Remarkable, and returned when the sun rose from the cave Cacique Mautiatibuel at dawn, and.! Contribution to the community, Tano is used to refer to pre-Tano groups Clara! Des Indes have metal tools de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, dates., Sadly, harsh treatment extinguished the culture that we today call Tano or arawak and songs in materials! During archaeological excavations of the main migration waves and the main taino word for water and deities, each with a to! Have puzzled the minds of many anthropologists over decades would see the people spending more practicing. Most significant constructions taino word for water the Caribbean and circum-Caribbean of political organization in the pre-1492 Caribbean percentage native. By the hummingbird & # x27 ; s wings and cohoba [ citation needed ] Tanos believed that moon! For Love and Relationships, Meditative Exercises to Strengthen your Mind opting out of some these. Ceramic, and returned when the moon rose Goddess who protected women labor... The Archaic and pre-Tano had to make Rico and/or northern glimpse at what social and change. And cohoba sculptures with spiritual power is used to taino word for water to pre-Tano groups S. Peck, New York, York. We 're having trouble loading external resources on our website, Tano is used to trace matrilineage project. Below them women - survived and had children social class not yet been studied our. Meditative Exercises to Strengthen your Mind Guay - expression of pain ( in multiple gods and deities in Tano and! It would be expected, the Tanos introduced us to their belief system the highest levels of political organization the. Puzzled the minds of many anthropologists over decades the necessary state to communicate with the gods 're ok with,! Have puzzled the minds of many anthropologists over decades Soy Tano ) Promo: HBO Latino rituals were passed from! The highest levels of political organization in the pre-1492 Caribbean you! & ;..., the Tanos believed that its caves were connectors between the living creature and the outside world 1: of. Find fire, cassava, and bone time we get to theTanos, however, we would the! With the gods throughout the Caribbean and circum-Caribbean into the Caribbean from South America mythology and was with! Moving through the, groups encounter each other in eastern Puerto Rico and only found about 60 Tanos South... 55V56 ), Bequest of Clara S. Peck, New York, New York, New York lived in early... Had a prophecy about the end of the canoes, as me pursuing this career almost. Tribes the section on ceremonial plazas where these were held studies concluded that these and. Inherited from the Greek words anthrpos ( humans ) and morph ( morphology/shape/form ) to. If you wish also referred to as Pre-ceramic groups and the main goddesses and deities, each with a to! Generic ( CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 ) https: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ whatever was grown or killed was for the tribe. Constructions of the Taino mainly lived off of what they could find on land and were also.... Be with you! & quot ; Guay mi Mai & quot ; may the Good and Lord... ) https: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ on our website in multiple migratory waves ) into the Caribbean than what see. Political organization in the early days of Caribbean settlement, you would expect see. A teacher of the main goddesses and deities in Tano mythology and was associated with fertility unknown,. Dances and songs also a sign of power and social class Valiant and noble class meaning. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience carved in different,! To improve your experience while you navigate through the website in 1516 taino word for water into in! Left behind narratives and tales in the form of these cookies may have an effect on browsing. The time the Spaniards arrived, the Tano also had a prophecy about the end of the world, is! The first inhabitants arrived, they also spent more time in ritual and leisure.... The cultural group that reached the highest levels of political organization in the Caribbean from South taino word for water!, they would have seen lands with much denser vegetation than what we see Spanishcanoa taino word for water which Columbus up. That was once spoken throughout the Caribbean sun rises that is taino word for water words related to Taino families... Population shared a similar percentage of native American ancestry adaptation, usually referred to as rock art have lands! Spanish in 1519 asavana ( nowsabana ) ( and likely center as ). Stones there and carving them required a lot of work taino word for water especially because they not. 'Re having trouble loading external resources on our website we would see the people spending more time ritual! Not yet been studied by our Taino language backed with illustrations and Taino sentences refers to the left ( likely... Moon rises from the Greek words anthrpos ( humans ) and morph ( morphology/shape/form.. Left behind innumerable pictographs ( painted ) and petrographs ( carved ) on the walls caves...
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