Living in same house 1 year ago, percent of persons age 1 year+, 2017-2021. 2015-16 Deer Harvest Estimates (PDF) Season Dates (2022): Deer hunting dates vary greatly by unit. Human population at last census: 101,407 Berks County 2017 bear kill: 7 2016 bear kill: 2 Square miles: 866 Human population at last census: 411,442 Lebanon County 2017 bear kill: 8 2016. Because of its importance for population objectives and monitoring, the 'pre-hunt' population is the basis for the antlerless licenses allocation recommendations. South Carolina: 730,000 South Carolina's deer are all white-tails. The antlerless deer harvest for the 2020-21 seasons was 260,400. Recruitment is the number of fawns that mature into adult deer. February 02, 2023 Reintroducing cougars to Pennsylvania would better control its deer population, some scientists say The game commission wants to leave that job in the hands of the hunters. To make this predation additive, two deer would die (from starvation or other causes) and two additional deer would die from coyotes per year. Unlike the southeastern studies, no declines in population trends or harvest fawn-to-doe ratios are currently observed in Pennsylvania. Thus, only the largest coyotes could consistently prey on adult deer. $#x fbXZ^U\7`_-^_ It wasn't until 1954 that the county buck total surpassed 300, which might say something . Deer live in meadows and forests, and can sometimes venture out onto nearby roads while in search of food. Justin R. Dion. Predation is more complex than the simple killing of animals. The buck harvest also increased 7 percent over the previous license years buck harvest of 163,240. Deer populations in Pennsylvania do not show predation-caused effects. In some places, coyotes keep white-tailed deer recruitment rate low, but in Pennsylvania they do not. The harvest illustrates the cooperation we hoped hunters would provide to help where CWD threats are at their greatest in Penns Woods.. The Journal of Wildlife Management. The deer population in Pennsylvania has exploded since the 1880's causing a wide range of damage on the ecosystem, and humans. Game Commission executive director Bryan Burhans credited that to how hunters have embraced antler restrictions, in place since 2002. When corrected by the number of hunters, success rates are higher today than in the past, even with antler-point restrictions, Stainbrook said in a news release. Households with a computer, percent, 2017-2021. Stress on females can also be reduced by establishing reserve" areas or sanctuaries on a property where recreation does not occur or is limited. Obtaining an adequate deer harvest is essential in the WMUs in and surrounding the states Disease Management Areas (DMAs), noted Andrea Korman, CWD biologist. Many wildlife species utilize the shrub layer and feed on forest-floor plant species, such as: Some birds, such as ovenbirds and eastern towhees, nest and feed in the ground layer. The number of Deer Management Permits (DMPs), also known as antlerless-deer tags, issued to hunters by DEC each year is determined by current and target population levels. kzy~?[:|g6oF= @c7qq'~WsX?/;B& i,O.@uO)9$e)IDoh'Wlu During the depression the practice of hunting deer at night "jacklighting" became popular, made illegal in. 2021. Between 1913 and 1926 the Game Commission released 177 elk. There were 253 positive cases identified from the. We see that in the entries coming into our Big Game Records Program, in the photos smiling hunters share, and in the deer we see when our staff visits deer processors to collect harvest data. With more deer testing positive in. *All documents in the table are PDF or JPG, 2016-17 Deer Harvest Estimates (PDF)2015-16 Deer Harvest Estimates (PDF)Big GameHarvest Data back to 1915Estimated Number of Hunters by SpeciesEstimated Harvest by SpeciesEstimated Harvest per 100 Hunter-days, by SpeciesEstimated Hunter-days by SpeciesEstimated Harvest of FurbearersEstimated Number of Hunters and Trappers of FurbearersBlack Bear Age Harvest Data* Instructions for viewing Elk Harvest data. One antlerless deer with each required antlerless license. Because of these studies, questions about the role of predators in deer management in Pennsylvania are being asked: are predators reducing Pennsylvania's deer populations? Managing Deer Overabundance. The 2021 firearms deer season featured two weeks of concurrent buck and doe hunting for the first time statewide in more than a decade. a reported 23,000 captive deer on 1,100 breeding farms. Could we be wrong about what causes dreaded chronic wasting disease in deer? Here is an example to better understand this complex topic: in a hypothetical Pennsylvania forest where there are no predators present, two deer die a year from starvation or disease. Pennsylvania: County: Allegheny: Area Total: 28.87 sq mi . (NU4_|c,9u@i(\"?#U`6$WOY@"br"B$'F21I Oneida County, listed in the Adirondack Region, had a deer season in 1927, when 91 bucks were taken. Another study in South Carolina removed coyotes from a large area for three years, and the researchers found that the deer population was largely unaffected by removal. In Pennsylvania, a deer that survives the hunting season has a 90% chance of surviving to the next year, so fawn survival is an important driver of deer population dynamics. Predation is a natural form of mortality for white-tailed deer. The typical prevalence of white deer in a herd is 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 30,000 deer, but for Mill Creek Park to have three of them in a population of about 903 suggests poor genetic diversity . (Enter your answer in the form n 0 e rt. HARRISBURG, PA - Pennsylvania hunters followed up 2019-20 hunting seasons' highest overall deer harvest in 15 years by topping it when they took an estimated 435,180 deer in the 2020-21 hunting seasons, which closed in January, the Pennsylvania Game Commission reported today. The licenses are divided among Wildlife Managements. Field studies in Pennsylvania confirm that predators prey on white-tailed deer; especially young fawns. Media related to West Deer Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons; West Deer Township . Antlerless figures: Meanwhile, 25% of antlerless tags issued resulted in a deer harvest this past season. The mule, blacktail, and other deer populations fell from about 4.6 million in 2000 to about 3.6 million in 2014, recovering to about 4 million in 2017. 2022-23Digest, Deer Section. The PGC reports that 62% of antlered deer taken by hunters were 2.5 years old or older, while only 38% percent were 1.5 years old. . The deer they eat probably would not have survived the year. 2021-22 Deer Harvest Estimates (PDF) In. Deer Management Assistance Program The Deer Management Assistance Program (DMAP), established by the Pennsylvania Game Commission, allows DCNR to promote forest regeneration by targeting the most vulnerable and severely impacted tracts for additional antlerless deer harvests. In 1923, a minimum 2 points to an antler or 6-inch spike was required for a buck. The previous season (2020-2021), an estimated 435,180 deer were harvested, which was the largest deer harvest in 16 years. 2020-21 Deer Harvest Estimates (PDF) 2019-20 Deer Harvest Estimates (PDF) Proper habitat management increases available food and cover in a forest. DEER, ARCHERY (Antlered and Antlerless) Statewide:Oct. 1-Nov. 12; Sunday, Nov. 13; Nov. 14-18; and Dec. 26-Jan. 16, 2023. Archery season runs Sept. 17-Nov. 25 and Dec. 26- Jan. 28 in WMUs 2B, 5C and 5D. The following is a list of the 67 counties of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Alex J. Jensen, Courtney J. Marneweck, John C. Kilgo, David S. Jachowski. The Elk population was estimated at 1,400 to 1,500 in, , 900 in the beginning of 2015, growing from about 65 in 1971 to 800 in 2011. One antlered deer per hunting license year. Montgomery County (820,656), Bucks County (626,751), and Delaware County (563,995) are all in the top five most populous counties in the state, and census statistics show that each of these have also had population increases of between 0.21% and 2.46% in recent years. This article examines dispels the myth that coyotes keep deer populations low, and addresses the effect of predation on deer populations in Pennsylvania. Tess M. Gingery, Duane R. Diefenbach, Bret D. Wallingford, Christopher S. Rosenberry. 2004. roadkill, hunter-killed, or individuals that died from other causes). As in years past, bowhunters accounted for a little over one-third of the total deer harvest, taking 130,650 whitetails (68,580 bucks and 62,070 antlerless deer) with either bows or crossbows. The. Landscape-Level Patterns in Fawn Survival Across North America. Add-on archery and muzzleloader licenses must be purchased, and hunters can apply for antlerless licenses for $6 each. 2019. To accomplish its mission of conserving Pennsylvanias forests, DCNR manages deer on its lands and promotes sustainable deer management on all commonwealth forest lands. Consider that in Pennsylvania the average age of deer hunters increased from 40 years old in 1991 to 51 years old in 2016, according to the Pennsylvania Game Commission. North Dakota is home to 20,000 mule deer and 130,000 white-tail deer. Facing political pressure from all sides, and growing disenchantment from unsuccessful hunters, the Pa. Game Commission is seeking "middle ground" in its management of the state's deer herd. To meet these goals, DCNR will follow these objectives: DCNR foresters and biologists determine where to place DMAP areas based on numerous criteria. Lancaster, Pennsylvania (Lancaster County) Posts 53 Rep Power 3913 Re: Any one deer hunt potter county? Over-browsing by deer alters the diversity and habitat for other forest mammals and birds. The Bureau of Forestry recognizes the ecological importance and considerable influence of white-tailed deer on commonwealth forests, and is dedicated to maintaining a healthy forest plant community in balance with a healthy deer population. See how they compare to the nation overall and to neighboring counties and . (a) What was the deer population in 2010? The 'pre-hunt' population is the number of deer available at the beginning of the first hunting season. Unknown causes are the fourth most common cause of mortality. This means, they do not impact a deer population. In the 2018-19 license year, 147,750 bucks were harvested. Across most of Pennsylvania, this is the population in late September or early October. Wildlife Society Bulletin. Four more at the end of 2017 bringing the total positives from capative deer to 44. This determines future populations, as mature deer are the only individuals that breed. A, EHD outbreak reduced populations in some areas, but the mild temperatures from the winter 2016-17 and a good 2016 acorn crop have generally increased the deer population in, . Underweight fawns are more susceptible to cold and rain and therefore more likely to contract disease. DCNR's goals for DMAP are to: Pennsylvania hunters harvested more deer in the 2020-21 seasons than any time in the past 15 years, including the most bucks since antler restrictions were implemented in 2002. Many deer hunters believe that coyotes keep down the white-tailed deer population." Instead of being eaten by coyotes, fawns died from other causes like starvation and disease. Pennsylvania Demographics by CUBIT. Wayne County Population statistics Wayne County PA - Wayne Tomorrow! %PDF-1.4 % Pennsylvania is routinely producing some really impressive deer, on both public and private ground, Burhans said in the news release. Whitetail Periodicals:Life and Times of the WhitetailColumns. The great Pennsylvania deer bubble burst soon after 1925. Current levels of antlerless license allocations are producing stable 'pre-hunt' deer population trends. One antlered deer per hunting license year, or one antlerless deer and an additional antlerless deer with each required antlerless license. Improved habitat conditions not only allow fawns to better escape predation it also reduce stress on does, increasing fawn birthweights and allowing them to produce more nutritious milk. Estimated Harvest of Furbearers. The Europeans who settled in Pennsylvania also valued deer. Other public . The Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission began spending the allocated money on restoration efforts and Wildlife Management Areas to benefit the restored wildlife with better habitat to thrive. Deer populations in all WMUs have stable population trends. Another 212 positives from the, season, more than half from Bedford county. Twice during that period, deer harvests exceeded 500,000, first in 2000 and then again in 2002, when the states record overall deer harvest of 517,529 was set. Proper habitat improvement practices can increase carrying capacity. Although the strategy changed to stabilizing the population in 2005, the herd continued to decline, especially in the north. rose about 4 percent in 2015 to 315,813, 43.4% were antlered deer. Only Junior and Senior License Holders, 6 Commission Disabled Person Permit Holders (to use a vehicle as a blind), and Residents serving on active duty in the United States Armed Forces or U.S. Coast Guard. PGC Deer and Elk Section supervisor David Stainbrook said that, after the unusually large harvest in 2020-2021, the 2021-2022 season is back on track with previous years. In the South Carolina study, the deer population was declining. Between 2010 and 2021, the state grew by an average of 0.2% per year. 0000001102 00000 n We couldnt have any of that without a well-managed deer herd and cooperation on the part of our hunters.. In response to deer population increases and increasing impacts on The MC311 Information Center will handle reports of dead deer along the roadway: Call 311 (or 240-777-0311 from a cell phone) Monday through Friday, between the hours of 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. To report a dead deer on a 24/7 basis, contact the county through the MC311 website. An antlerless deer with each required antlerless license. If fawns were being removed by predators at an unsustainable rate, they would not show up in the harvest or 'pre-hunt' populations. Since antler restrictions were enacted in Pennsylvania in 2002, yearling buck survival has increased from 15 to 52 percent, while harvest of adult bucks has increased from 20 to 50 percent. 0000001416 00000 n A study in Delaware reported that only 45% of monitored fawns were still alive 90 days after birth, but not one of the monitored fawns was killed by predators. Unknown WMU: 80 (340) antlered, 200 (496) antlerless. Predators kill most deer during their first summer (birth to approximately 12 weeks of age). 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Should antlerless allocations be cut? Seeing the Whole Picture Estimating Deer Harvests By the 1950s, the deer population was assumed to be between 45,000 and 50,000. In Pennsylvania, the deathrate of adult white-tailed deer tends to be stable and mainly driven by hunting. Buy Demographics Reports; Radius Reports; A-Z Counties & Cities . Young inexperienced does typically are left with less secure birthing sites and must travel farther from their fawn(s) to find food. A limited outbreak in, The first deer season was established in 1869. 94 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 98 /H [ 1168 270 ] /L 74725 /E 6177 /N 17 /T 72727 >> endobj xref 94 23 0000000016 00000 n Scientific Name: (Enter your answer in the form neet. A decline in the 2018 buck harvest indicates a population decline for that year. Proudly founded in 1681 as a place of tolerance and freedom. Peak of the rut is about November 14. If predation losses increase, the 'pre-hunt' population would decrease. 0:04. DEER, ANTLERLESS (Military Bases):Hunting permittedondaysestablished by the U.S.Department of the Army at Letterkenny Army Depot, Franklin County; New Cumberland Army Depot, York County; and Fort Detrick, Raven Rock Site, Adams County. In Pennsylvania, the deer population moves through the following sequence each year: Birth of fawns majority of predation 'pre-hunt' population deer hunting seasons Deer management objectives are based on 'pre-hunt' deer population trends. As of 2018, both of these counties have grown their populations since the last census, with Philadelphia County increasing by 3.04% and Allegheny County by a more modest 0.30%. A number of other counties in Pennsylvania, while not quite as large, still have substantial populations. For the most part, coyotes in Pennsylvania are compensatory predators of deer. South Dakota: 500,000 In, , 25 free ranging deer tested positive, bringing the total free-ranging CWD-positive deer to 47. In place since 2002, they have transformed the smaller bucks that once dominated our deer harvests into a buck population that is the envy of deer hunters everywhere. in 1986, there were 1,000,000 deer hunters in Pennsylvania, while today there are around 740,000 deer hunters modern success rates are said to be comparable to the past Game Commission releases 2018-19 deer harvest report, Hunters gather in Jefferson County, protest deer removal plans, March 8, 2019 Pennsylvania, WJAC Johnstown, Seminar to Provide Solutions for Human Deer Conflicts, March 6, 2019 Pennsylvania, Botstiber Institute, Major changes planned for popular Middle Creek deer hunt, March 3, 2019 Pennsylvania, LancasterOnline, CWD DIsease Management Area to Expand into Elk Range, Deer removals planned in Clearfield, Jefferson counties to combat disease, February 24, 2019 Pennsylvania, Altoona Mirror, February 22, 2019 Pennsylvania, Pocono Record, Hunters, Game Commission at Odds Over CWD Management, February 21, 2019 Pennsylvania, Morrisons Cove Herald, Nearly 150 deer taken out in this years Lower Merion deer cull, February 12, 2-19 Pennsylvania, Main Line. Increasing from about 1,000 deer in 1905 to about 1,000,000 in 1928 (Leopold et al. One antlerless deer with each required antlerless license. QuickFacts West Deer township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Table (a) Includes persons reporting only one race (c) Economic Census - Puerto Rico data are not comparable to U.S. Economic Census data (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories The statewide buck harvest was estimated at 145,320 and the antlerless harvest at 231,490.. The study found that the mother is more important to a fawn's chance of surviving than predators. 5 subscribers Subscribe 0 18 views 5 months ago Updated population statistics from the 2020 Census Show more Show more. UTC-4 : FIPS code: 42-003-82800: West Deer Township is a township in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. Coyotes and bears killed similar numbers of fawns. The city of Philadelphia is coterminous with Philadelphia County, the municipalities having been consolidated in 1854, and all remaining county government functions having been merged into the city after a 1951 referendum. With the number of antlerless tags available down compared to the year before, the overall harvest was lower. About 80 percent of hunting is on public land, 1.5 million acres of game land. Only 2 percent of WMU 2D is public land. Its largest annual population increase was 1.5% between 2019 and 2020. Given available resources and our efforts to most effectively use available data, we focus on WMU-level 'pre-hunt' population trends and deer harvests when setting antlerless allocations - not on individual non-hunting mortality factors. 2018. Estimated Harvest per 100 Hunter-days, by Species. The fact that we can maintain such high success rates on bucks year after year demonstrates the sustainability of the deer population in Pennsylvania.. For questions about the statewide DMAP program, the application process, coupon availability, or DMAP regulations, contact the Pennsylvania Game Commission at 717-787-4250. 0000003287 00000 n Annual Reports of the White-tailed Deer and Elk Section can be viewed in the Round your r value to four decimal places.) One antlered deer per hunting license year. WMU 4E: archery, 3,850 (3,420) antlered, 3,420 (2,750) antlerless; muzzleloader, 50 (80) antlered, 1,280 (1,250) antlerless. In Pennsylvania, the Game Commission has monitored over 1,500 radio-collared deer aged 6 months and older. In general, the population increases in Pennsylvania's counties are fairly modest. Thats in line with previous years, too, according to the PGC. For a detailed analysis of our state's deer herd from 1900-1950, see Roger Latham's 1950 Pennsylvania Game News article, "Pennsylvania . WMU 3B: archery, 3,470 (3,160) antlered, 2,110 (2,590) antlerless; muzzleloader, 30 (40) antlered, 1,190 (1,710) antlerless. The PGC reported that the states hunters harvested an estimated 376,810 white-tailed deer in 2021-2022. n (t) = For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. 90.0%. Pennsylvania Population Hit 13 Million in 2020. However, according to the Pennsylvania Game Commission, which reported that statistic on Thursday, that decline should not be cause for concern. Since 2002, percent of fawns in WMU harvests has not changed and averages about 41 percent which is similar to statewide levels in the early 1980s (i.e., 1981-1983: 42-43 percent). In some places, coyotes keep white-tailed deer recruitment rate low, but in Pennsylvania they do not. There are 67 counties in Pennsylvania. One antlered deer per hunting license year. In WMUs 1A and 1B, the antlered harvest increased substantially as well. 2018-19 Deer Harvest Estimates (PDF) Many hunters wish their deer woods had the population that WMU 5C, in southeast Pennsylvania, enjoys. One antlered deer per hunting license year. 2016-17 Deer Harvest Estimates (PDF) Total deer harvest estimates by WMU for 2020-21 (with 2019-20 figures in parentheses) are as follows: WMU 1A: 9,000 (6,400) antlered, 18,000 (13,200) antlerless; WMU 1B: 11,700 (8,700) antlered, 17,800 (12,700) antlerless; WMU 2A: 8,100 (6,900) antlered, 11,800 (9,900) antlerless; WMU 2B: 6,200 (5,500) antlered, 15,000 (10,400) antlerless; WMU 2C: 8,400 (9,400) antlered, 15,700 (14,069) antlerless; WMU 2D: 12,000 (13,000) antlered, 18,700 (18,888) antlerless; WMU 2E: 6,500 (6,400) antlered, 11,300 (9,473) antlerless; WMU 2F: 10,700 (9,000) antlered, 10,000 (9,724) antlerless; WMU 2G: 7,500 (8,100) antlered, 6,800 (6,105) antlerless; WMU 2H: 2,900 (2,400) antlered, 1,600 (1,100) antlerless; WMU 3A: 7,000 (5,700) antlered, 6,700 (5,700) antlerless; WMU 3B: 9,100 (7,600) antlered, 8,500 (10,300) antlerless; WMU 3C: 10,800 (9,400) antlered, 14,500 (12,800) antlerless; WMU 3D: 6,200 (6,000) antlered, 6,400 (4,900) antlerless; WMU 4A: 5,200 (6,000) antlered, 10,800 (7,924) antlerless; WMU 4B: 5,000 (5,700) antlered, 10,800 (8,285) antlerless; WMU 4C: 7,000 (7,000) antlered, 8,100 (8,300) antlerless; WMU 4D: 9,100 (8,700) antlered, 12,300 (10,955) antlerless; WMU 4E: 8,600 (7,300) antlered, 11,200 (9,500) antlerless; WMU 5A: 3,500 (3,400) antlered, 6,100 (5,000) antlerless; WMU 5B: 9,600 (10,200) antlered, 16,400 (15,345) antlerless; WMU 5C: 8,400 (7,600) antlered, 15,200 (14,427) antlerless; WMU 5D: 2,200 (2,500) antlered, 6,500 (6,700) antlerless; and. 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The 2020 Census show more the Game Commission has monitored over 1,500 radio-collared aged... Have Any of that without a well-managed deer herd and cooperation on part! 1.5 million acres of Game land their fawn ( s ) to find food 0000001102 00000 n we have! However, according to the nation overall and to neighboring counties and each required antlerless license that!, that decline should not be cause for concern 2017 bringing the total from... Vary greatly by unit antlerless deer with each required antlerless license general the... Common cause of mortality predators at an unsustainable rate, they would have... Rose about 4 percent in 2015 to 315,813, 43.4 % were antlered deer hunting! 28 in WMUs 2B, 5C and 5D birthing sites and must travel farther from their (. 1B, the Game Commission has monitored over 1,500 radio-collared deer aged 6 months and.! The north the diversity and habitat for other forest mammals and birds 42-003-82800: West deer is. ' deer population. be cause for concern not be cause for concern thus, only largest. That year Estimates ( PDF ) season Dates ( 2022 ): deer hunting Dates vary greatly by unit state... Carolina study, the deer population. ' populations be cause for concern sq mi and addresses effect... We be wrong about what causes dreaded chronic wasting disease in deer, 147,750 bucks harvested. 2019 and 2020 the form n 0 e rt antlered harvest increased substantially as well County, Pennsylvania, States. Place since 2002 the strategy changed to stabilizing the population increases in Pennsylvania weeks of buck. Add-On archery and muzzleloader licenses must be purchased, and can sometimes venture onto... September or early October continued to decline, especially in the 2018 buck harvest also 7. About 1,000 deer in 1905 to about 1,000,000 in 1928 ( Leopold et al antlerless! To 44 212 positives from capative deer to 44 survived the year basis. Of 2017 bringing the total free-ranging CWD-positive deer to 47 keep down the deer! Stable population trends or harvest fawn-to-doe ratios are currently observed in Pennsylvania the effect of predation on deer populations Pennsylvania... Lancaster, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons ; West deer Township deer Township keep down the white-tailed deer to... 1A and 1B, the herd continued to decline, especially in the south Carolina: 730,000 Carolina... Increased substantially as well to 20,000 mule deer and 130,000 white-tail deer 23,000 captive deer on 1,100 farms. Are more susceptible to cold and rain and therefore more likely to contract disease the '! 496 ) antlerless part of our hunters tess M. Gingery, Duane R. Diefenbach, Bret D.,... Was established in 1869 show up in the 2018-19 license year, 147,750 bucks were harvested from about 1,000 in. Stable population trends @ c7qq'~WsX? / ; B & i, O predators of deer substantial., they do not show up in the south Carolina study, the harvest... Previous season ( 2020-2021 ), an estimated 435,180 deer were harvested Updated population statistics Wayne County PA - Tomorrow. Where CWD threats are at their greatest in Penns Woods was declining, Bret D. Wallingford Christopher... Commission executive director Bryan Burhans credited that to how hunters have embraced antler restrictions, in place since.... Population is the population increases in Pennsylvania, while not quite as large, still have substantial.... Counties in Pennsylvania 's counties are fairly modest increasing from about 1,000 deer in to... Show predation-caused effects by an average of 0.2 % per year 25 % of antlerless license this is the of! Largest deer harvest this past season, a minimum 2 points to an antler or spike... Dakota is home to 20,000 mule deer and an additional antlerless deer and an additional antlerless deer and an antlerless! Mortality for white-tailed deer recruitment rate low, but in Pennsylvania do not predation-caused... Population would decrease show up in the form n 0 e rt diversity and habitat for other forest mammals birds. A natural form of mortality 212 positives from capative deer to 47 their.
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