Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: El Caudillo, Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde, Hilldale-Jaume Vicens Vives Professor of History, University of Wisconsin, Madison. This happened after his heir apparent was assassinated by Basque terror group ETA. 17. His rule had become less violent by the 1950s. Franco was appointed as the head of the coup and overall commander of the Spanish Nationalist forces. Updated at March 2, 2023 by BirthdayDBs Team. Francisco Franco See all media Born: December 4, 1892 Ferrol Spain Died: November 20, 1975 (aged 82) Madrid Spain Title / Office: head of state (1939-1975), Spain Political Affiliation: Falange Nationalists Notable Family Members: spouse Carmen Polo de Franco See all related content Top Questions Who was Francisco Franco? Born: 1182 in Assisi, Italy. Early photo of Pablo Picasso. In one attack some 7000 Spanish soldiers had been killed by the Moroccan rebels. SUBSCRIBE TO OUR CHANNEL- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZ72ctsGDSVOhaawXYWcbTw#quotes #dailyvideo #motivation #success Watch Our Psychological Facts . He went on to become an iconic mascot in the city of San Francisco. After landing in Spain, Franco and his army marched toward Madrid, which was held by the government. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Prior to becoming the nation's leader, Franco was a general in the Spanish army. The following year he was promoted to first lieutenant in an elite regiment of native Moroccan cavalry. . He grew up with two brothers and two sisters, and was very close to his mother. We have also written some books for you, so have a look. Fun Facts about Francisco Franco's Birthday. The internally divided Republicans, who murdered their own share of political opponents, could not stop the slow Nationalist advance despite support from the Soviet Union and International Brigades. Though Hitler ultimately rejected Francos conditions which he deemed far too high Franco would later send some 50,000 volunteers to fight alongside the Germans against the Soviets on the Eastern Front as well as open Spains ports to German ships and submarines. Over the next three years, the Nationalist forces led by Franco and backed by right-wing militias, the Catholic Church. Francisco Franco was a general and the leader of theNationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in theSpanish Civil War(193639); thereafter he was the head of the government ofSpainuntil 1973 and the head of state until his death in 1975. . He was often referred to asEl Generalisimo and was known for his violent and inhumane enforcement of his regime. 4. By Paul Delaroche - Wikimedia. However, the economic and territorial aftermath of the Spanish-American War led to a reduction in the navy, and after completing his primary education at a Catholic school, Franco was forced to enlist at the Infantry Academy at Toledo instead. He held a right-wing nationalist position during the Spanish Civil War. For nearly four decades following the conflict, Franco who became known as "El Caudillo" (the Leader) would rule Spain through a repressive dictatorship. Francisco Franco Bahamonde (Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade, 20 December 1892 - 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military leader who ruled as dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. Here are 84 interesting facts about Spain that tend to be either unknown or are ignored by many. Joshua Abraham Norton, also known as Emperor Norton, was a citizen of San Francisco. Fun facts: before fame, family life, popularity rankings, and more. A firebomb is thrown into a restaurant in the Egyptian capital of Cairo, killing 17 people. before offering the throne to a Bourbon, Francisco Franco offered the throne of Spain to Otto Von Habsburg in 1961 but Otto refused - source. Meanwhile, street violence, political killings and general disorder were ramping up on both the right and the left. When the tide of the war began to turn against the Axis powers in 1943, Franco once more declared Spains neutrality, but in the aftermath of the conflict, his former allegiances were not forgotten. Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years in captivity as a hostage in Beirut; he is the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon. Birth City: Trujillo. Here at The Fact Site, we're celebrating our 10 th birthday, and we wanted to celebrate hugely!. Creativity helps offenses move down the field, and Kyle Shanahan certainly played around with this offense. As commander in chief during the Civil War, Franco was a careful and systematic leader. Now in his mid-80s, here we share 10 facts about Botero to help understand his work even more. He made no rash moves and suffered only a few temporary defeats as his forces advanced slowly but steadily; the only major criticism directed at him during the campaign was that his strategy was frequently unimaginative. Relatives, such as his daughter Carmen, had asked doctors to remove his life support systems. His father, an officer in the Spanish Naval Administrative Corps, waseccentric and somewhat dissolute. Six black youths assault a white teenager in Jena, Louisiana. Spanish military general who served as the dictator of his country from 1939 to 1975. 1. Citation: C N Trueman "General Francisco Franco" historylearningsite.co.uk. Currently, Francisco Franco is 130 years, 2 months and 29 days old. 1. In 1920 he was chosen to be second in command of the newly organized Spanish Foreign Legion, succeeding to full command in 1923. Establishing his base of operations in Seville the following month, Franco began his military campaign, advancing north toward the seat of the Republican government in Madrid. 1914), The death of Vincent L. McKusick, American lawyer and judge (b. To show his solidarity with Adolf Hitler, the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco had the clocks in the country set back by one hour. Fun Facts About France Did you know that France is the largest country in Europe and one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? In 1915 he became the youngest captain in the Spanish army. The next day, he flew to Morocco to take control of the troops, and shortly thereafter gained the support of both Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, whose planes were used to shuttle Franco and his forces to Spain. Mujer pequea (1975) by Fernando Botero Museo Botero, Bogot. The first word of his life was "piz," short of lpiz, the Spanish word for 'pencil.'. When the Nationalist advance came to a halt on the outskirts of the city, the military leaders, in preparation of what they believed was the final assault that would deliver Madrid and the country into their hands, decided to choose a commander in chief, or generalissimo, who would also head the rebel Nationalist government in opposition to the republic. 1929), The death of Bill Bennett, Canadian lawyer and politician, 27th Premier of British Columbia (b. 1930), The death of Yossi Sarid, Israeli journalist and politician, 15th Israeli Minister of Education (b. Grow your vocab the fun way! As of January 2019, the population of San Francisco is about 900,000 people. 26. Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers kill 107-150 civilians in Mannar. What was Francisco Pizarro's childhood like? Here are 95 interesting facts about France; covering its history, geography, notable people, food, culture, economics, famous monuments and much more. Possible use cases are in quizzes, differences, riddles, homework facts legend, cover facts, and many more. He is also thought to have been responsible for killing between 15,000 and 50,000 of his political opponents. After the fall of the monarchy in 1931, the leaders of the new Spanish Republic undertook a major and much-needed military reform, and Francos career was temporarily halted. Francisco Franco ruled Spain as a dictator from 1939 to 1975. His political tendencies were shaped by his father. He died on date 20th November 1975. To show his influence on that time and Spain, we have researched 10 interesting facts about Francisco Franco for you. Benito Mussolini's first name was the same as the Mexican president because his father supported the . Source: Patrimonio. In May 1935 he was appointed chief of the Spanish armys general staff, and he began tightening discipline and strengthening military institutions, although he left many of the earlier reforms in place. The rebel government did not, however, gain complete control of the country for more than three years. Franco died in Madrid on November 20, 1975, just after midnight of heart failure. In 1502, Pizarro made his first voyage to the New World. A ruthless ruler, he was notorious for the numerous politically-motivated violent acts that he instigated, mostly against political and ideological enemies. Pan American World Airways ceases its operations after 64 years. From the largest art museum to a bread superstition, this list covers it all. 12. A military dictatorship embraced by King Alfonso XIII governed Spain from 1923 to 1930, but municipal elections held in April 1931 deposed the king and ushered in the so-called Second Republic. He was also chosen to be second in command of the Spanish Foreign Legion in 1920, taking full command in 1923. Reports indicate that he might have been 5 feet 2 inches tall at the time if his death. 4 U.S. Presidents Who Won the Nobel Peace Prize, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Birth Year: 1892, Birth date: December 4, 1892, Birth City: El Ferrol, Birth Country: Spain. This page was last modified on 6 February 2023, at 06:05. Franco also opened his ports to German submarines and invaded the internationally administered city of Tangier in Morocco. On 17th September 1859, he self-declared himself as the U.S. emperor, and people just went with it. Additionally, while playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Cervelli signed a three-year contract extension worth $31 million and a one-year contract worth $2 million with the Miami Marlins. You can easily fact check it by examining the linked well-known sources. Name: Francisco Pizarro. Net Worth and Salary. Nikita Khrushchev. But like the Second Republic before it, the new government could do little to quell the growing divide between left- and right-leaning factions. From the fog rolling under the Golden Gate Bridge to America's only moving National Historic Landmark, San Francisco is home to some of the most iconic attractions in the world. People voted for a republic nation and this led to the fall of the Spanish Monarchy. The Germans and Italians supplied troops and planes to Francos forces and helped to tilt the balance in his favor. As a result, Franco returned to a position of power, which he wielded the following year in a ruthless suppression of a leftist revolt in northwestern Spain. Franco volunteered for active duty in the colonial campaigns in Spanish Morocco that had begun in 1909 and was transferred there in 1912 at age 19. Fernando lvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3er duque de Alba, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Franco, The History Learning Site - Biography of General Francisco Franco, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Francisco Franco, Francisco Franco - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Francisco Franco - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). About two-thirds of the Jews living in Europe during World War II were killed by the Nazi regime. General Franco was born in 1892 and he died in 1975. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Just like Adolf Hitler, the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco had only one testicle. In 1926, Francos role in suppressing the Moroccan rebellion earned him an appointment as general, which, at age 33, made him the youngest man in Europe to hold that post. Listed as one of the most devastating conflicts of the 20th century, the Spanish Civil War erupted in 1936 and lasted till 1939. During World War II, Spanish leader Franco wrote a semi-autobiographical novel called Raza, which was later turned into a film. 7. Francisco Franco Bahamonde was born on December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, Galicia, to a seafaring family. Commissioned into the 8th Regiment he was posted to Morocco in 1913. Like four generations and his elder brother before him, Francisco Franco was originally destined for a career as a naval officer, but reduction of admissions to the Naval Academy forced him to choose the army. It was kicked off in January 1967 at the Human Be-In at Golden Gate Park. 1. Search input Search submit button. Franco made contact with Hitler and Mussolini and Fascist Italy, securing arms and other financial support that would continue throughout the Spanish Civil War (1936-39). Interestingly, life expectancy for women in France stood at 85.3 years in 2018 and 79.4 years for men. He is believed to have caused an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 deaths. He was born around 1474 in Trujillo, Spain. The Conquistador Who Brought Down the Inca Empire. By 1920, he had been named second in command of the Spanish Foreign Legion, and three years later took full command. Here are 14 of the best facts about Francisco Franco Death and Francisco Franco Definition I managed to collect. The Unity Module, the second module of the International Space Station, is launched. As he points out, Franco was extremely close to Mussolini and Adolf Hitler - who both provided critical aid to his forces during the Spanish Civil War - and was "so much part of what will become the Axis", although ultimately wouldn't . Francisco Pizarro (1471-1541) was a Spanish conquistador whose famed conquest of the Inca Empire in the 1530s made him and his men fantastically wealthy and won for Spain a rich New World colony. This colony was wracked by an insurgency. 5. 2. Died: 1226 in Assisi, Italy. Francisco Francos family life was not entirely happy. The San Francisco Zoo in Golden Gate Park was home to one of the last Ursus arctos californicusa now-extinct grizzly bear subspeciesremaining in California. See the events in life of Francisco Franco in Chronological Order, https://infograph.venngage.com/p/53686/francisco-franco-paloma-sahelices, https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/francisco-franco-6905.php. His purpose for exploration was to colonize areas of the New World and to find riches there. Richard Nixon. This is our collection of basic interesting facts about Francisco Franco. Franco only became fully committed, however, following the assassination of the leading monarchist Jos Calvo Sotelo. At his funeral, many mourners raised their arm in a fascist salute. Please check our Privacy Policy. Francisco Franco added words, but they were removed when his dictatorship ended. World Leader. 4. He soon led an uprising against the leftist Republican government and took control of Spain following the .css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}Spanish Civil War. Thats what I love to share with you, and I hope that you enjoy our findings. Franco, Francisco frnthsk frngk , 1892-1975, Spanish general and caudillo [leader]. To enforce his power over Spain, he established a vast network of secret police. Sources vary, but many estimate the number of casualties resulting from the war as high as 500,000, with perhaps as many as 200,000 the result of executions perpetrated by Franco and his forces. He graduated three years later as a second lieutenant. Originally a revolutionary socialist and a newspaper journalist and editor, he forged Italys violent paramilitary fascist movement in 1919 and declared himself prime read more, On October 17, 1989, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake hit the San Francisco Bay Area, killing 67 people and causing more than $5 billion in damages. Botero's uncle, who took on an important role in the artist's life after the death of his father, enrolled him in a training school for . He restored the monarchy before his death, making King Juan Carlos I his successor. Napoleon was of average height. 12. Franco was born on December 4, 1892, in Ferrol, Spain, a northwestern port city with a long history of shipbuilding. In the decades since Francos rule, it has been the subject of frequent controversy, with many advocating for the removal of his remains. Francisco Pizarro was an explorer, soldier and conquistador best known for conquering the Incas and executing their leader, Atahuapla. According to the BBC, the practice may have originally been borne from Francoist ideology which promoted the domination of the "pure" right wing over "inferior" left wing families, but over the years it changed, "as babies began to be taken from parents . Francisco Kalbolin Eustakio Pepe Sech Juan Karlos Franco (Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade, 20 December 1892 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military leader who ruled as dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death. The Spanish Civil War kicked off in July 1936. Tags: Suggested Posts However, when their initial assault on Madrid was repelled, the military coup evolved into the protracted conflict known as the Spanish Civil War. Francisco Franco was a career soldier who rose through the ranks until the mid-1930s. Best Known For: Francisco Franco led a successful military rebellion to overthrow Spain's democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War, subsequently establishing an often brutal dictatorship that defined the country for decades. During crucial campaigns against the Moroccan rebels, the legion played a decisive role in bringing the revolt to an end. However, the suppression on non-government trade unions continued. Also, political opponents from communist and anarchist organizations and liberal democrats were suppressed. Mmm, must be something in the water! Fun Facts About San Francisco. Read more: 19 fascinating facts about the attack on Pearl Harbor. He was a leader of a coup d'tat against the Spanish Second Republic in . Joining the army was not as socially acceptable to someone of his class. He was born as an artist. However, the country was also wracked by a deepening, often violent social and political unrest, and when new elections were held in 1933, the Second Republic was replaced by a more right-leaning government. Before his death, Franco asked King Juan Carlos to become head of state. Spain, which was ruled by nationalist dictator Francisco Franco, was one of the few western European countries not to take part in the plan. Franco died in Madrid on November 20, 1975, just after midnight of heart failure. Please note that this site uses cookies to personalise content and adverts, to provide social media features, and to analyse web traffic. Author of. However, there were no gas chambers as in the Third Reich. Women were severely suppressed and subjected to numerous restrictions, and many of the citizens were forced into labor under the most undignified conditions. 14 Blitzkrieg Facts Hitlers Strategy in World War II, declared his neutrality after Italy entered World War II, 19 fascinating facts about the attack on Pearl Harbor. At the age of 10, Noam Chomsky wrote his first article for his school newspaper about the fall of Barcelona to Francisco Franco's forces and the rise of fascism. It has a huge cultural and historical heritage. In 1973 Luis Carrero Blanco, successor to Francisco Franco as PM, became Spain's "first astronaut" when during an assassination attempt his car was blow 5 stories high over a nearby building. The Republic also set up local parliaments in the regions of Spain. That year he also married Carmen Polo, with whom he had a daughter. When I read a startling fact, it is not unusual that I discover a mind-blowing background story behind it. He was the son of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodrguez de Aguilar, an army officer, and Francisca Gonzlez Mateos, a servant. He then conspired with several others and planned to overthrow the republic. Below the countdown to Francisco Franco upcoming birthday. An ambitious and determined young man, he was made captain in 1915. In addition, the General Military Academy was dissolved and he was placed in the inactive list. . They all go back to the same entrepreneur: Elon Musk! We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us! Franco did send a division of soldiers to fight with the Nazis in Germany but later withdrew them under pressure from the allies. Franco graduated from the Toledo Military Academy in 1910. Corrections? Germany and Italy battled the left-wing Republicans, who received aid from the Soviet Union as well as brigades of foreign volunteers. His parents with Francisco in arms, on the day of his baptism on 17 December 1892, Franco and other rebel commanders during the Civil War, c.19361939, Franco arriving in San Sebastin in 1939, escorted by the Moorish Guard, Front row in order from left to right: Karl Wolff, Heinrich Himmler, Franco and Spain's Foreign Minister Serrano Ser in Madrid, October 1940, Franco and Adolf Hitler in Meeting at Hendaye, 1940, 1963 Spanish peseta coin with an image of Franco and lettering reading: "Francisco Franco, Leader of Spain, by the grace of God", Carlos Arias Navarro and Franco at his residence in October 1975, around one week before he fell into an irreversible coma. That's a lot of motion before the ball is snapped. Richard Nixon called Franco a loyal friend and ally of the U.S. Francisco Franco was born on December 04, 1892 in Ferrol, Spain. He had three brothers: Bartolomeo, Giovanni . The suspension bridge spans a one-mile-wide strait between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. 13. His father Nicols Franco y Salgado Arajo was an officer in the Spanish Naval Administrative Corps. His mother Mara del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade was from an upper-middle-class family. The Spanish general and dictator Francisco Franco (1892-1975) played a major role in the Spanish Civil War and became head of state of Spain in 1939.. Born at El Ferrol, a town in the northeastern Spanish province of Galicia, on December 4, 1892, Francisco Franco was the second of five children born to Maria del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade and Don Nicolas . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In Spain, under Francos rule from the Second World War onward, some 300 concentration camps were set up, in which up to a million political opponents and dissidents were imprisoned. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Franco's father and grandfather both served in the Spanish Navy . Though he initially kept his distance from the plot, on July 18, 1936, Franco announced the Nationalist manifesto in a broadcast from the Canary Islands as the uprising began in the northwest of Spain. They were called the Divisin Azul (Blue Division). Therefore, the Spanish government exhumed Francos remains in 2019 and buried them in a cemetery in Madrid. Interesting Facts about Benito Mussolini. 12. Speaking of numbers, the opposite sides of a die (one of a pair of dice) will always equal 7. Mussolini was born on the 29th of July 1883 in a town called Dovia di Predappio in Romagna, Italy. Stationed there from 1912 to 1926, Franco distinguished himself with his fearlessness, professionalism and ruthlessness, and was frequently promoted. Omissions? Following the war, Spain faced diplomatic and economic isolation, but that began to thaw as the Cold War heated up. The first post-Franco elections were held in June 1977, and, except for an 18-hour-long coup attempt in 1981, Spain has remained democratic ever since. He unified a base of support by securing the backing of the Catholic Church, combining the fascist and monarchist political parties, and dissolving all other political parties. Francisco Franco took over the leadership of Spain after the Spanish Civil War in 1939. Francisco Franco is an infamous dictator from the 20th century. Moreover, his General Military Academy was shut down. When conservative forces gained control of the republic in 1933, Franco was restored to active command; in 1934 he was promoted to major general. Arithmophobia is the fear of numbers. US Navy aircraft from USS John F. Kennedy and USS Independence attack Syrian missile sites in Lebanon in response to an F-14 being fired on by an SA-7. He was appointed the director of the newly organized General Military Academy in Saragossa in 1928. He wanted to be a sailor, but a reduction in admissions to the Spanish Naval Academy forced him to turn to the army, and he entered the Infantry Academy in 1907 aged 14. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When elections that were held in February 1936 led to a shift in power to the left, Spain slipped further into chaos. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. In 1907, only 14 years old, he entered the Infantry Academy atToledo, graduating three years later. San Francisco Facts You Won't Believe You Didn't Know Sooner The California state flag depicts Monarchthe famous grizzly bear who resided in the San Francisco Zoo. This was a tumultuous period in the nation and in 1931, Spanish King Alfonso XIII was pressurized to hold democratic elections. It is is the 13th most populous city in the United States, and the 4th most populous in California. The couple had one daughter. When the bridge first opened in 1937, it was the longest and tallest suspension bridge in the world. The general and dictator Francisco Franco (1892-1975) ruled over Spain from 1939 until his death. Cultural diversity, on the other hand, was consistently suppressed just as it was in Nazi Germany. Though the Republicans were able to resist the Nationalist advance for a time, with far-superior military strength, Franco and his forces were able to systematically defeat them, eliminating their opposition region by region. Within a few months, Franco was named head of the rebel Nationalist government and commander-in-chief (generalsimo) of the armed forces. Many thousands of communists, socialists, and anarchists were executed on the orders of Franco and many more were imprisoned or forced into exile. During this period he also wed Carmen Polo y Martnez Valdz. Once in Spanish Morocco, a soldier mocked his squeaky voice. Nevertheless, because of the relatively superior military quality of his army and the continuation of heavy German and Italian assistance, Franco won a complete and unconditional victory on April 1, 1939. He rose to power during the bloody Spanish Civil War when, with the help of Nazi Germany and. In 1933, the conservative forces gained control of the republic and Francos military career was re-established. His rapidly progressing military career was temporarily stalled after the fall of the monarchy in 1931, following which the leaders of the newly established Spanish Republic undertook a major military reform. He established a military dictatorship which he presided over until his death in 1975. Although physically small he proved to be a courageous officer and won rapid promotion. He let a group of volunteer soldiers join the German Army to fight the Russians between 1941 and 1943. Spanish nationalists thought this was wrong and would make Spain weak. Haile . When the social and economic structure of Spain began to crumble, Franco joined the growing right-leaning rebel movement. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Moredisciplinedand serious than other boys his age, Franco was close to his mother, a pious andconservativeupper middle-classRoman Catholic. Your nose may not grow like Pinocchio's, but it does get warmer when you tell a lie. Francisco Franco is credited with saving between 30,000 and 60,000 Jews during the nazi era. The Egyptian capital of Cairo, killing 17 people and executing their leader, Franco joined the growing rebel... High school students with whom he had a daughter s father and grandfather both served in the city of Francisco. Heir apparent was assassinated by Basque terror group ETA soldiers to fight with the help of Nazi Germany Italy! 400,000 deaths 130 years, the conservative forces gained control of the best about. Back by one hour complete control of the Spanish Foreign Legion, and people just went with it s lot! Share with you, so have a look their leader, Atahuapla the! Command of the armed forces 900,000 people cultural diversity, on the other,! In Germany but later withdrew them under pressure from the 20th century, the New World will equal... Rodrguez de Aguilar, an officer in the Third Reich cemetery in Madrid on November 20, 1975, after. In power to the same as the Mexican president because his father, an officer in the Reich... His rule had become less violent by the government before it, death. In 1928 are 14 of the 20th century, the second Republic in understand work. What youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article Pizarro made his first voyage to fall... 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